Ernest Hemingway :: essays research papers

"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" was published by Scribner's Magazine in March of 1933, but it was not until 1956 that an apparent inconsistency in the waiters' dialogue was brought to Hemingway's attention. Hemingway's thirteen word reply to Judson Jerome, an Assistant Professor of English at Antioch College, said that he had read the story again and it still made perfect sense to him. Despite this letter, Scribner's republished "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" in 1965 with a slight change in the waiters' dialogue that they argued would fix the apparent anomaly. Scribner's decision to alter the original text, the letter Hemingway wrote to Professor Jerome, and several papers on the subject all add up to a literary controversy that still churns among Hemingway scholars. I will argue that the original text is the correct text and Scribner's just failed to interpret it properly. They failed to notice nuances in Hemingway's writing that appear throughout many of his other works. They obviously thought Hemingway's reply to Professor Jerome was made without notice of the inconsistency. Most important, I believe they did not evaluate the character of the two waiters in "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place." A careful examination of the character of each waiter can make it apparent that the original text was correct and that there was no need for Scribner's to alter the text. The dialogue in question results from a conversation the two waiters have concerning the old man's attempted suicide. One waiter asks "Who cut him down?", to which the other waiter replies "His niece." Later in the story, the original text appears to confuse who possesses the knowledge about the suicide. The waiter who previously said "His niece", now says: "I Know. You said she cut him down." This seems to assume the knowledge about the attempted suicide has either passed from one waiter to another, or that we have incorrectly attributed the first exchange to the wrong waiters. So which waiter asked about cutting down the old man? When the disputed dialogue between the two waiters takes place, we do not know enough about them to develop an outline of character. As the story progresses, the character of the two waiters emerges through their dialogue and thoughts, as does many of Hemingway's characters. Once the character of each waiter is developed and understood, the dialogue makes more sense when the story is read again.

Review of The Drunkard’s Walk †How Randomness Rules Our Lives by Mlodinow Essay

Read the book â€Å"The Drunkard’s Walk – How Randomness Rules Our Lives† by Mlodinow and pay special attend to the following questions. Some of these questions may appear on quizzes and exams. Chapter 1 Peering through the Eyepiece of Randomness 1. Explain the phenomenon â€Å"regression toward the mean.† In any series of random events an extraordinary event is most likely to be followed, due purely to chance, by a more ordinary one. 2. What factors determine whether a person will be successful in career, investment, etc.? Success in our careers, in our investments, and in our life decisions, both major and minor—is as much the result of random factors as the result of skill, preparedness, and hard work. 3. Was Paramount’s firing of Lansing the correct decision? After she was fired, Paramount films market share rebounded. No, Lansing was fired because of industry’s misunderstanding of randomness and not because of her own flawed decision making. Lansing had good luck at the beginning and bad luck at the end. Chapter 2 The Laws of Truths and Half-Truths 1. What coined the term probability, or probabilis? (Latin: probabilis credible) Cicero’s principal legacy in the field of randomness is the term he used, probabilis, which is the origin of the term we employ today. But it is one part of the Roman code of law, the Digest, compiled by Emperor Justinian in the sixth century, that is the first document in which probability appears as an everyday term of art 2. What is the rule for compounding probabilities? How to compute probability that one event and another event both happening? According to the correct manner of compounding probabilities, not only do two half proofs yield less than a whole certainty, but no finite number of partial proofs will ever add up to a certainty because to compound probabilities, you don’t  add them; you multiply. That brings us to our next law, the rule for compounding probabilities: If two possible events, A and B, are independent, then the probability that both A and B will occur is equal to the product of their individual probabilities. 3. Is the Roman rule of half proofs: two half proofs constitute a whole proof, correct? What do two half proofs constitute by the rule of compounding probabilities? 4. Suppose an airline has 1 seat left on a flight and 2 passengers have yet to show up. If there is a 2 in 3 chance a passenger who books a seat will arrive to claim it, what is the probability that the airline will have to deal with an unhappy customer? What is the probability that neither customer will show up? What is the assumption? What is the probability that either both passengers or neither passenger will show up? 5. In DNA testing for legal trial, there is 1 in 1 billion accidental match and 1 in 100 laberror match. What is the probability that there is both an accidental match and a lab error? What is the probability that one error or the other occurred? Which probability is more relevant? Chapter 3 Finding Your Way through a Space of Possibilities 1. What is â€Å"sample space†? 2. What is Cardano’s law of the sample space? (P. 62) 3. In the Monty Hall problem, why should the player switch after the host’s intervention? Chapter 4 Tracking the Pathways to Success 1. The grand duke of Tuscany’s problem: what is the probability of obtaining 10 when you throw three dice? What about 9? 2. What is Cardano’s law of the sample space? 3. What is the application of Pascal’s triangle? 4. For the Yankees-Braves World Series example, for the remaining 5 games, what is the probability that the Yankees win 2 games? 1 game? 5. What is mathematical expectation? 6. Explain why a state lottery is equivalent to: Of all those who pay the dollar or two to enter, most will receive nothing, one person will receive a fortune, and one person will be put to death in a violent manner? Chapter 5 The Dueling Laws of Large and Small Numbers? 1. What is Benford’s law? Discuss some applications in business. 2. Explain the difference between the frequency interpretation and the subjective interpretation of randomness. 3. Do psychics exist? 4. What is tolerance of error, tolerance of uncertainty, statistical significance? 5. Describe some applications from the book of the law of large numbers and the law of small numbers. Chapter 6 Bayes’s Theory 1. Two-daughter problem In a family with two children, what are the chances that both children are girls? Ans: 25% In a family with two children, what are the chances, if one of the children is a girl, that both children are girls? Ans 33% In a family with two children, what are the chances, if one of the children is a girl named Florida, that both children are girls? Ans: 50% 2. How to apply Bayes’s Theory to determine car insurance rates? Ans : Models employed to determine car insurance rates include a mathematical function describing, per unit of driving time, your personal probability of having zero, one, or more accidents. Consider, for our purposes, a simplified model that places everyone in one of two categories: high risk, which includes drivers who average at least one accident each year, and low risk, which includes drivers who average less than one. If, when you apply for insurance, you have a driving record that stretches back twenty years without an accident or one that goes back twenty years with thirty-seven accidents, the insurance company can be pretty sure which category to place you in. But if you are a new driver, should you be classified as low risk (a kid who obeys the speed limit and volunteers to be the designated driver) or high risk (a kid who races down Main Street swigging from a half-empty $2 bottle of Boone’s Farm apple wine)? Since the company has no data on you—no idea of the â€Å"position of the first ball†Ã¢â‚¬â€it might assign you an equal prior  probability of being in either group, or it might use what it knows about the general population of new drivers and start you off by guessing that the chances you are a high risk are, say, 1 in 3. In that case the company would model you as a hybrid—one-third high risk and two-thirds low risk—and charge you one-third the price it charges high-risk drivers plus two-thirds the price it charges low risk drivers. Then, after a year of observation—that is, after one of Bayes’s second balls has been thrown—the company can employ the new datum to reevaluat e its model, adjust the one-third and two-third proportions it previously assigned, and recalculate what it ought to charge. If you have had no accidents, the proportion of low risk and low price it assigns you will increase; if you have had two accidents, it will decrease. The precise size of the adjustment is given by Bayes’s theory. In the same manner the insurance company can periodically adjust its assessments in later years to reflect the fact that you were accident-free or that you twice had an accident while driving the wrong way down a one way street, holding a cell phone with your left hand and a doughnut with your right. That is why insurance companies can give out â€Å"good driver† discounts: the absence of accidents elevates the posterior probability that a driver belongs in a low-risk group. 3. Probability of correct diagnosis Suppose in 1989, statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show about 1 in 10,000 heterosexual non-IV-drug-abusing white male Americans who got tested were infected with HIV. Also suppose about 1 person out of every 10,000 will test positive due to the presence of the infection. Suppose 1 in 1,000 will test positive even if not infected with HIV (false positive). What is the probability that a patient who tested positive is in fact healthy? Ans: So if you test 10 000 people you will have 11 positives – 1 who is really infected, 10 are false positives. Of the 11 positive testees, only 1 has HIV, that is, 1/11. Therefore the probability that a positive testee is healthy = 10 / 11 = 90.9% 4. O. J. Simpson trial According to FBI statistics, 4 million women are battered annually by husbands and boyfriends in U.S. and in 1992 1,432 or 1 in 2500 were killed by their husbands or boyfriends. The probability that a man who batters his wife will go on to kill her is 1 in 2500. The probability that a battered wife who was murdered was murdered by her abuser is 90%. Which probability is relevant to the O. J. trial? What is the fundamental difference between probability and statistics? Ans: 1) Relevant one is the probability that a battered wife who was murdered was murdered by her abuser = 90%. 2)the fundamental difference between probability and statistics: the former concerns predictions based on fixed probabilities; the latter concerns the inference of those probabilities based on observed data. Chapter 7 Measurement and the Law of Errors 1. Election Why did the author argue that â€Å"when elections come out extremely close, perhaps we ought to accept them as is, or flip a coin, rather than conducting recount after recount?† Ans: (pg= 127 and 128) Elections, like all measurements, are imprecise, and so are the recounts, so when elections come out extremely close, perhaps we ought to accept them as is, or flip a coin, rather than conducting recount after recount. 2. What is mathematical statistics? Ans: Mathematical statistics, provides a set of tools for the interpretation of the data that arise from observation and experimentation. Statisticians sometimes view the growth of modern science as revolving around that development, the creation of a theory of measurement. But statistics also provides tools to address real-world issues, such as the effectiveness of drugs or the popularity of politicians, so a proper understanding of statistical reasoning is as useful in everyday life as it is in science. 3. Wine tasting Should we believe in wine ratings from those â€Å"wine experts†? Why or why not? Two groups wine tasting experts produce the following results: (a) 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 (b) 80 81 82 87 89 89 90 90 90 91 91 94 97 99 100 Compare the two groups of data. (pg 134) From the theoretical viewpoint, there are many reasons to question the significance of wine ratings. For one thing, taste perception depends on a complex interaction between taste and olfactory stimulation. Strictly speaking, the sense of taste comes from five types of receptor cells on the tongue: salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami. The last responds to certain amino acid compounds (prevalent, for example, in soy sauce). But if that were all there was to taste perception, you could mimic everything—your favorite steak, baked potato, and apple pie feast or a nice spaghetti Bolognese—employing only table salt, sugar, vinegar, quinine, and monosodium glutamate. Fortunately there is more to gluttony than that, and that is where the sense of smell comes in. The sense of smell explains why, if you take two identical solutions of sugar water and add to one a (sugar-free) essence of strawberry, it will taste sweeter than the other.15 The perceived taste of wine arises from the effects of a stew of between 600 and 800 volatile organic compounds on both the tongue and the nose.16 That’s a problem, given that studies have shown that even flavor-trained professionals can rarely reliably identify more than three or four components in a mixture 4. Can professional mutual fund managers (stock pickers) beat students who pick stocks by tossing coins? 5. What is the margin of error in a poll? Should variation within the margin of error be ignored in a poll? Ans: < 5% (or 3.5%). Yes, any variation within the margin of error should be ignored in a poll 6. What is the central limit theorem? Ans: The probability that the sum of a large number of independent random factors will take on any given value is distributed according to the normal distribution. Chapter 8 The Order in Chaos 1. Who are the founders of statistics? Graunt and his friend William Petty have been called the founders of statistics, a field sometimes considered lowbrow by those in pure mathematics owing to its focus on mundane practical issues, and in that sense John Graunt in particular makes a fitting founder. 2. How did Graunt estimate the population of London in 1662? What is Graunt’s legacy? From the bills of mortality, Graunt knew the number of births. Since he had a rough idea of the fertility rate, he could infer how many women were of childbearing age. That datum allowed him to guess the total number of families and, using his own observations of the mean size of a London family, thereby estimate the city’s population. He came up with 384,000— previously it was believed to be 2 million. Graunt’s legacy was to demonstrate that inferences about a population as a whole could be made by carefully examining a limited sample of data. But though Graunt and others made valiant efforts to learn from the data through the application of simple logic, most of the data’s secrets awaited the development of the tools created by Gauss, Laplace, and others in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 3. How did Poincare show the baker was shortchanging customers? French mathematician Jules-Henri Poincarà © employed Quà ©telet’s method to nab a baker who was shortchanging his customers. At first, Poincarà ©, who made a habit of picking up a loaf of bread each day, noticed after weighing his loaves that they averaged about 950 grams instead of the 1,000 grams advertised. He complained to the authorities and afterward received bigger loaves. Still he had a hunch that something about his bread wasn’t kosher. And so with the patience only a famous—or at least tenured—scholar can afford, he carefully weighed his bread every day for the next year. Though his bread now averaged closer to 1,000 grams, if the baker had been honestly handing him random loaves, the number of loaves heavier and lighter than the mean should have  diminished following the bellshaped pattern of the error law. Instead, Poincarà © found that there were too few light loaves and a surplus of heavy ones. He concluded that the baker had not ceased baking underweight loaves but instead was seeking to placate him by always giving him the largest loaf he had on hand. 4. Are all data in society such as financial realm normal? (Yes) Are film revenue data normal? (No) For one thing, not all that happens in society, especially in the financial realm, is governed by the normal distribution. For example, if film revenue were normally distributed, most films would earn near some average amount, and two-thirds of all film revenue would fall within a standard deviation of that number. But in the film business, 20 percent of the movies bring in 80 percent of the revenue. Such hit-driven businesses, though thoroughly unpredictable, follow a far different distribution, one for which the concepts of mean and standard deviation have no meaning because there is no â€Å"typical† performance, and megahit outliers, which in an ordinary business might occur only once every few centuries, happen every few years. 5. Who dubbed the phenomenon â€Å"regression toward the mean†? Explain its meaning. Galton dubbed the phenomenon—that in linked measurements, if one measured quantity is far from its mean, the other will be closer to its mean—regression toward the mean. 6. Who coined the term â€Å"the coefficient of correlation†? Explain its meaning. Galton coined the term â€Å"the coefficient of correlation â€Å".The coefficient of correlation is a number between −1 and 1; if it is near  ±1, it indicates that two variables are linearly related; a coefficient of 0 means there is no relation. 7. Discuss the applications of the chi-square test?(Pg 165 166 167) Pearson invented a method, called the chi-square test, by which you can determine whether a set of data actually conforms to the distribution you believe it conforms to. 8. What is statistical physics? James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann, two of the founders of statistical physics. Statistical physics was aimed at explaining a phenomenon called Brownian motion. Statistical physics is the branch of physics that uses methods of probability theory and statistics, and particularly the mathematical tools for dealing with large populations and approximations, in solving physical problems. 9. What is a drunkard’s walk or random walk? The random motion of molecules in a fluid can be viewed, as a metaphor for our own paths through life, and so it is worthwhile to take a little time to give Einstein’s work a closer look. According to the atomic picture, the fundamental motion of water molecules is chaotic. The molecules fly first this way, then that, moving in a straight line only until deflected by an encounter with one of their sisters. As mentioned in the Prologue, this type of path—in which at various points the direction changes randomly—is often called a drunkard’s walk, for reasons obvious to anyone who has ever enjoyed a few too many martinis (more sober mathematicians and scientists sometimes call it a random walk). Chapter 9 Illusions of Patterns and Patterns of Illusion 1. What caused the table to move, spirit? not a direct consequence of reality but rather an act of imagination. 2. What is significance testing? Significance testing, was developed in the 1920s by R. A. Fisher, one of the greatest statistician for scientific research. It is a formal procedure for calculating the probability of our having observed what we observed if the hypothesis we are testing is true. If the probability is low, we reject the hypothesis. If it is high, we accept it. 3. Why did Apple founder Steve Jobs made the ipod’s shuffling feature â€Å"less random to make it feel more random†? Spencer-Brown’s point was that there is a difference between a process being random and the product of that process appearing to be random. Apple ran into that issue with the random shuffling method it initially employed in its iPod music players: true randomness sometimes produces repetition, but when users heard the same song or songs by the same artist played back-to-back, they believed the shuffling wasn’t random. And so the company made the feature â€Å"less random to make it feel more random,† said Apple founder Steve Jobs. 4. Suppose there are 1000 mutual fund managers picking stock for 15 consecutive years by each tossing a coin once a year. If a head is obtained, he/she beats the market (a fund manager either beats the market average or not). What is the probability that someone among the 1000 who would toss a head in each of the 15 years? From Nobel Prize-winning economist Merton Miller: â€Å"If there are 10,000 people looking at the stocks and trying to pick winners, one in 10,000 is going score, by chance alone, and that’s all that’s going on. It’s a game, it’s a chance operation, and people think they are doing something purposeful but they’re really not.† Ans: The chances that, after fifteen years, a particular coin tosser would have tossed all heads are then 1 in 32,768. But the chances that someone among the 1,000 who had started tossing coins in 1991 would have tossed all heads are much higher, about 3 percent. 5. What is confirmation bias? When we are in the grasp of an illusion—or, for that matter, whenever we have a new idea—instead of searching for ways to prove our ideas wrong, we usually attempt to prove them correct. Psychologists call this the confirmation bias, and it presents a major impediment to our ability to break free from the misinterpretation of randomness. Chapter 10 The Drunkard’s Walk 1. What is the butterfly effect? The butterfly effect, based on the implication that atmospheric changes so small they could have been caused by a butterfly flapping its wings can have a large effect on subsequent global weather patterns. 2. Can past performance of mutual fund managers predict future performance? No.

Aging Silent Killers Of The Aging Body - 1840 Words

Aging: Silent Killers of the Aging Body Desiray E. Hunt SOCI 4135: Sociology of Aging November 10th, 2017 Silent Killers of the Aging Body Abstract: Honor Statement: This term paper is original work. I have not presented any content that has been copied from the works of others or written by someone else. I have carefully checked my work to make sure my citations are accurate and in the standard American Sociological Association format. Furthermore, I understand that any plagiarism will result in a failing grade for this paper. Desiray Elizabeth Hunt 11/10/17 Signature: Date: Silent Killers of the Aging Body†¦show more content†¦Diabetes has a social, political and program significance in the United States. In addition, older adults in late adulthood with diabetes presents public health challenges for the future to come. With involvement from public health, steps can be taken to prevent and control diabetes and the individuals’ health care needs. The Statement of the Topic: What is Diabetes? According to the Center for Disease Control, diabetes is the condition in which the body does not properly process for use as energy (Center for Disease Control, n.d). The body supplies its energy by turning in most of the food an individual takes in by turning it into glucose, which is sugar for the body to use as energy (Center for Disease Control, n.d). Diabetes develops because the body does not make enough insulin or is unable to use the insulin it produces effectively. As a result, the glucose or sugar builds up in the individuals’ blood. If severe, diabetes has the potential to cause serious health complications which include heart diseases, failure of the kidneys, blindness and lower-extremity amputations (Center for Disease Control, n.d). In fact, according to the Center for Disease Control, diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the United States (Center for Disease Control, n.d). 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Abraham Maslow, The Oldest Son Of His Parents - 1401 Words

Abraham Maslow was the oldest son of his parents, who were Jewish immigrants from Russia escaping political and social issues. He was born in Brooklyn, New York on April 1st 1908. Due to the hardships of his parents, and him being the oldest child, Abraham had more pressure put on him that any of his other siblings. He was expected to take care of his six younger siblings, and wanted make his parents proud by becoming very successful. Maslow had a very unhappy childhood and faced quite a few difficulties growing up. His parents were cold and indifferent toward him, but he somehow grew up to be very kindhearted. During his childhood he had very few friends because all of his time was spent either studying, or working to help his family make ends meet. Therefore, he relied on books to provide an escape. Through his exploration of books, he became greatly interested in research done by greats such as Pavlov, Jung, and Freud. 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The HR managers were expected to be key contributors to their areas by becoming knowledgeable about the businessRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesWilliam H. Pickering of Harvard in a speech made during June 1908, in which his lack of imagination is as extrem e as De Jouvenal’s excess: † carrying innumerable passengers in a way analogous to our modern steamship. It seems safe to say that such ideas are wholly visionary, and, even if the machine could get across with one or two passengers, the expense would be prohibitive to any but the capitalist who could use his own yacht. â€Å" The popular mind often pictures gigantic flying machines

Hindered Bed Separator with Cross Flow - 10724 Words

Chapter 1 In-Plant Testing of CrossFlow Separator in Coal Industry 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 General The mineral processing industry has commonly utilized hydraulic separators throughout history for classification and gravity concentration of various minerals. More commonly referred to as hindered-bed or fluidized-bed separators, these units make use of differential particle settling rates to segregate particles according to shape, size, and/or density. Conventional hindered-bed separators are inherently inefficient due to wide variations in the solids content and size distribution of the feed, which have an adverse effect of plant performance and operating costs. The traditional design consists of an open top vessel into which†¦show more content†¦The throughput capacity of existing hydraulic separators is limited by this introduction of water through the feed distribution pipe in the separation chamber and the excessive elutriation water added to the system. As previously mentioned, part of this problem was alleviated through the tangential feed distribution designed for the CrossFlow separator. A redesign of the elutriation water distribution, through use of a slotted plate at the base of the separation chamber, has minimized the amount of water used by allowing the water to better disperse through the separator. Larger diameter holes spread farther apart (6 inches versus 0.5 inches) allows for the water to be introd uced into the chamber, and the baffle plate disperses the water throughout the chamber. This ultimately reduces the amount of overall elutriation water required, and increasing the throughput capacity of the separator. The improved distribution of elutriation water also minimizes dead zones within the separation chamber that were often caused by plugging of the small diameter holes in the lateral pipes at the bottom of the separation chamber. By increasing the diameter of the holes and adding the baffle plate to fully distribute the water, separation efficiency has increased due to full utilization of the separation chamber. The increase in separation efficiency and throughput capacity reduces the operatingShow MoreRelatedAn Impact Assessment of Science and Technology Policy on National Development of Nigeria61708 Words   |  247 Pagesnational objectives of ST-driven rapid industrialization geared towards increasing national productive output and developing a dynamic and self-reliant economy. Also, efforts shall be made to unravel why the following ineffective mechanisms hindered the national ST objectives: ï‚ · dearth of people-oriented, market–driven, job-creating dynamic ST policies to guide national development efforts; ï‚ · minimum investment in the training of skilled human resources to sustain scientific creativity

Language awarenes Free Essays

The students may use the structure for present habits – He uses to drink a lot of coffee. 2. The pronunciation of the positive form and the negative form is the same / ]u:SST tall which may cause the students to still write the negative form with d – I didn’t used to watch TV. We will write a custom essay sample on Language awarenes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Possible solutions and exercises 1 . To compare used to for past habits with Present Simple for present habits. Exercise – pair work â€Å"Ask and answer questions about your lives now and when you were children†. The students use clear structures such as: What do you do on Sunday – I usually/often watch TV. ‘ What did you do when you were a child? I used to help may mother in the garden. 2. â€Å"Fill in the gaps with used to or use to † exercise with positive and negative sentences such as: † When I lived in London .. Drink a lot of tea. ‘ He didn’t†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Read a lot when he was a child. LEXICAL SET Lexical set borrow – lend Part of speech verb Meaning borrow something (from someone), (borrowed (apt, up) someone, (lent (apt, up)) lend someone something ‘boras/, ‘abroad/ /lend/, [lent/ lend something to Borrow shows that something is (temporarily) taken from another person. Lend shows that something is (temporarily) given to another person. Can I borrow your dictionary for 2 days? Am I taking your dictionary from you? – Yes Am I taking your dictionary forever? – No. I am taking it for 2 days only. Can you lend me 100 dollars until the end of the month please? Are you giving some money to me? – Yes Are you giving the money forever? – No. Only until the end of the month. Teaching level and context Pre-intermediate level; asking for a favor or help, talking about money; topics † – In the bank†, â€Å"Between friends† Anticipated problems 1 . Mistaking â€Å"lend† with â€Å"borrow’ – Can you borrow me your car? /He borrows me some kooks. 2. Intermediate, talking about problems, self-control; topics – â€Å"Are you your own Master? â€Å", â€Å"The worst day in my life† Anticipated problems Some students may think that using idioms makes their English more â€Å"native† and use them excessively. They may have difficulties in which context and situation a colloquial language is appropriate. (Headway) Possible solutions and exercises Association of the â€Å"red† as a color of â€Å"anger† can help students to remember the meaning. Explain the students that at this level they are exposed to colloquial language with recognition purposes and they are not expected to use idioms. How to cite Language awarenes, Essays

Role of Zakat in Alleviation of Poverty †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Zakat in Alleviation of Poverty. Answer: Introduction: The Zakat or instinctive almsgiving as the measure through which Islam attempts to address poverty. The theory of Zakat might appear strange to any person who is not acquainted with the region of Islam. Nevertheless, it is a noteworthy concept of theory that attempts to address the issues of global poverty (Yaacob et al. 2013). The Islamic world particularly those nations having high populations of Muslim has attempted through Zakat to address several issues related to poverty. Considering Zakat as an instrument for the state it can be extremely effective in alleviating poverty since it will legitimize institutions that in the private provinces are not passing through the appropriate channels, are not recorded, without any kind of planning and not the part of any strategy and it would be difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of the Zakat. An argument can be bought forward by stating that when Zakat is implemented appropriately in case of the poverty related institutions, which can be an effective manner of alleviating poverty problems (Muhammad and Saad 2016). Role of Zakat in alleviation of Poverty: The system of Zakat provides huge amount of benefit. apart from the purification of heart and soul Zakat not only purifies the wealth but also acts as the major tool of distribution of wealth and reduces poverty. As prescribed under the Islam affluent individual is provided with the legal share of wealth especially for the poor section of the society as the Zakat. Hence, wealth starts flowing from rich people to the poor people (Clarke and Tittensor 2016). Therefore, Zakat plays an important role in the allocation of wealth and as a result helps in alleviation of poverty. Paying of Zakat helps in narrowing the gulf between the rich and the poor, the standard of living of the underprivileged individuals starts to improve. As an outcome, the friction between the two classes of people is eliminated and their relations turns out to be harmonious. Alleviation of poverty possess paramount importance in the fiscal and the development policies of Islam. Zakat makes the use of the institutional approach under its distributing scheme in order to address any of the socioeconomic issues that are conflicting with the society (Ali and Hatta 2014). In respect of the concentration of wealth, it helps in advocating and suggesting a fair distribution of the wealth whenever there are instances of insufficient. As such the system of distribution is not centralized, instead decentralized and needs every person from the community to look into the needs of the near relatives, neighbours, locality and society at large. Such approach possess as an important economic and social implications. The institutional approach of the Islam makes the use of Zakat in the form of distributive instrument for the solution to several of the problems both in respect of the economic as well as the social. Zakat forms an instrument that might be used effectively for the reduction and eventual alleviation of the poverty from the society (Huda and Islam 2016). This is regarded as the multipurpose strategy that is not only used to alleviate poverty but also it is used to rectify inequalities and the overall goals of the system of Islam. Numerous attempts have been made to prove the effectiveness of the Zakat. The collection of Zakat is viewed as the appealing one because instead of limiting the collection to certain communities or specific people, the entire countries of the people can obtain the access of the programs which could significantly lower poverty. Zakat acts the major contributor in the generation of the employment. According to the opinion of jurist professional individual such as tailors, iron smiths, butchers etc might be granted with the monetary assistance to purchase their tools involved in their trade. A person engaged in cultivation of crops might be granted with capital from the Zakat funds to purchase plot of land to grow cops. In such a manner Zakat would help in increasing the opportunities of employment for underprivileged people and would help in the alleviation of poverty. As described by Huda and Islam (2016), Zakat is a cooperative society, an insurance firm or a provident firm for the Muslims. Zakat is a fund for assistance of the unemployed and acts as the means of livelihood for disabled, the sick, the orphans, widows and the unemployed. Zakat can be regarded as the guarantee that no person shall be lacks of necessaries of life in the community of Muslims. In the modern world capitalism is resulting in poverty on the higher side. On the other hand, there are large number of peoples that are deprived of their destitute while there are peoples that have handful of agricultural stocks lay unsold in their store (Johari, Aziz and Ali 2014). Under the system of Zakat it provides people with purchasing power. This was introduced in the time of Hazrat Umar bin Abdul Aziz (R.A) when the wealthy people search went in vain for those that required help from fund of Zakat. In Islam, people hoarding their wealth are subjected to Zakat and if such wealth is not invested in a profitable business then it is likely to get exhausted in the few years (Dhar 2013). As evident in Muslim community, people generally want to put their wealth in business ventures, private firms, and partnership or Mudarbah firms. As a result of this the economy would grow and expand with increase in the opportunities of job. Such practice would ultimately help in alleviation of poverty (Ahmad and Ma'in 2014). Hence, it can be stated that Zakat is considered as the most important tool of social security that can play an important role in the alleviation of poverty. The Zakat is not unique in its capacity as the religious institutions as several communities across the world has been reliant on the religious institutions for obtaining services (Amos 2016). What makes zakat an important element in the alleviation of poverty is that its jurisdiction goes further than the religious leaders. As an alternative religious administrations and even governments have made themselves in responsibility of the gathering and supply of the zakat. Numerous attempts have been made to prove the effectiveness of Zakat. The collection of Zakat by Ali and Hatta (2014), is considered to be an appealing one. This is because instead of restricting the collection to certain communities or certain people all the people across the countries will have the access to the programs that can significantly reduce poverty. It is only because of this reason the study states that proposing a mandated program for the collection of Zakat could help in analysis of the shortfalls and probable Zakat collection can help in alleviation of the poverty. The study can be concluded by stating Zakat is an important tool in the alleviation of poverty if the system is used as the robust macroeconomic policies, which increases the growth and redistributes the income since the collection of Zakat, can be used for numerous productive purpose (Ahmad, Othman and Salleh 2015). Conclusion: The concept of Zakat is considered as an interesting topic since it is imposing the already created institutions and implementing for use in the modern society. As Zakat has been created long before it is vital for the people to understand what it signifies for the modern society. An important assertion can be bought forward is that it helps in the creation more globalized system of Zakat because if the system of Zakat is understood on the wider macroeconomic terms it can be easily translated and implemented in the Muslim countries across the world. References: Ahmad, I.H. and Ma'in, M., 2014. The efficiency of zakat collection and distribution: Evidence from two stage analysis.Journal of Economic Cooperation Development,35(3), p.133. Ahmad, R.A.R., Othman, A.M.A. and Salleh, M.S., 2015. Assessing the Satisfaction Level of Zakat Recipients Towards Zakat Management.Procedia Economics and Finance,31, pp.140-151. Ali, I. and Hatta, Z.A., 2014. Zakat as a poverty reduction mechanism among the Muslim community: case study of Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia.Asian Social Work and Policy Review,8(1), pp.59-70. Amos, C., 2016. Overflowing Riches: Generosity, Divine and Human. InPoverty and Wealth in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam(pp. 275-286). Palgrave Macmillan US. Clarke, M. and Tittensor, D., 2016.Islam and development: Exploring the invisible aid economy. Routledge. Dhar, P., 2013. Zakat as a measure of social justice in Islamic finance: an accountants overview. Huda, M. and Islam, A.S., 2016, July. SOCIAL BUSINESS: MEANING, SCOPE, AND EVALUATION. In2016 Global Marketing Conference at Hong Kong(pp. 1262-1281). Johari, F., Ab Aziz, M.R. and Ali, A.F.M., 2014. A review on literatures of zakat between 2003-2013.Library Philosophy and Practice, p.0_1. Muhammad, S.A. and Saad, R.A.J., 2016. THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC GOVERNANCE QUALITY, ACCOUNTABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS ON INTENTION TO PAY ZAKAT: MODERATING EFFECT OF TRUST ON ZAKAT INSTITUTION.International Journal of Management Research and Reviews,6(1), p.1. Yaacob, A.C., Mohamed, S., Daut, A., Ismail, N. and Don, M.A.M., 2013. Zakat disbursement via capital assistance: a case study of Majlis Agama Islam Johor.Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research (JEEIR),1(2).